Which term describes the specific genetic makeup of an individual?

The term that describes the specific genetic makeup of an individual is "genotype." This refers to the set of genes that an individual carries, which can influence various traits and characteristics. The genotype is the underlying genetic constitution, encompassing all hereditary information that is passed from parents to offspring. It provides the foundation for the hereditary characteristics that an organism can express, but it is not always directly observable.

Although "phenotype" may be mentioned, it actually refers to the observable physical and biochemical traits that result from the interaction of the genotype with the environment. "Genome," on the other hand, refers to the complete set of genetic material within an individual, including all of its genes. While sometimes used interchangeably in casual conversation, "genome" is broader than "genotype" since it encompasses all genetic information, not just the specific alleles that an individual possesses. "Family study" pertains to a method of genetic analysis that investigates traits across family members rather than focusing on the individual’s specific genetic makeup.

Thus, "genotype" is the correct term, as it specifically denotes the genetic configuration of an individual as opposed to the broader concept of a genome or the observable traits described by phenotype.