Which outcome is NOT typically associated with music therapy for the elderly?

Enhancing literacy skills is not typically associated with music therapy outcomes for the elderly. Music therapy primarily focuses on emotional, social, cognitive, and physical aspects of well-being. In elderly populations, particularly those who may be experiencing conditions like dementia or cognitive decline, music therapy aims to stimulate memory recall, enhance communication, and improve mood.

While activities in music therapy can include elements that support cognitive function—such as recall and recognition of songs or lyrics—the direct enhancement of literacy skills, which involves reading and writing abilities, is not a primary goal or frequently measured outcome of music therapy with elderly clients.

In contrast, improving hygiene, reducing agitation, and increasing mobility and balance are outcomes often targeted in music therapy. Activities may include rhythm and movement exercises to promote physical activity, using calming music to reduce agitation, or encouraging engagement in routines that support personal hygiene through musical prompts.