Which of the following is NOT a result of long-term medication use?

Long-term medication use, particularly with certain classes of drugs such as antipsychotics, can lead to a variety of side effects known collectively as tardive dyskinesia. This condition is characterized by involuntary movements that may include unusual muscle movements, facial grimaces, and involuntary lip movements, making these results of prolonged medication use. Each of these involuntary movements is directly related to the effects these medications can have on the neurological systems regulating motor control.

Cognitive decline, however, is typically not considered a direct result of long-term medication use in the same manner as the movement disorders mentioned. While various factors can contribute to cognitive decline in patients, including the underlying conditions being treated and polypharmacy (the use of multiple medications), cognitive decline itself is not a defined or commonly observed consequence associated with the long-term use of medications. Thus, it stands apart from the other options presented.

Recognizing the distinction between movement disorders and cognitive functions is essential for understanding the wider implications of medication on patient health.