What is the condition called that results in the loss of ability to understand or express speech due to brain damage?

Aphasia is the condition characterized by the loss of the ability to understand or express speech, which is often a result of brain damage. This condition can manifest in various forms, such as expressive aphasia, where an individual struggles to produce language, or receptive aphasia, where comprehension of language is impaired. The underlying cause is usually related to injury to specific areas of the brain responsible for language processing, typically due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.

In contrast, the other conditions listed do not pertain to the impairment of speech and language abilities. Onychopathy refers to a disease of the nails, neurosis encompasses a range of psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or fear, and dyslexia primarily affects reading abilities despite having normal intelligence. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in the field of music therapy, as recognizing language impairments can guide therapeutic interventions tailored to the individual's needs.