According to cognitive theory, what is considered the root cause of emotional problems?

Cognitive theory posits that emotional problems often arise from disordered or irrational thinking. This perspective emphasizes the role of an individual's thought patterns in shaping their emotional responses. When thoughts are distorted—such as being overly negative, catastrophic, or irrational—they can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, or other emotional difficulties. The cognitive approach suggests that by identifying and challenging these maladaptive thoughts, individuals can improve their emotional well-being.

This focus on thought processes distinguishes cognitive theory from other psychological approaches that may prioritize learned behaviors or unconscious factors. While learned behaviors can influence emotions and behaviors, cognitive theory asserts that it is fundamentally the way individuals think about their experiences that underpins emotional distress. Similarly, while unconscious material can impact behavior, cognitive theory primarily emphasizes conscious thought patterns. Biological factors also play a role in mental health, but cognitive theory specifically highlights the importance of cognition as a primary contributor to emotional problems, which is why identifying distorted thinking is central to cognitive therapy interventions.